Quick Tables

Definitions

Term	Definition
Creep Resistance	A material’s ability to withstand slow, permanent deformation (creep) under constant mechanical stress at elevated temperatures
Slip	Motion of dislocations.
Fatigue	Gradual failure due to cyclical loading.
Toughness	The ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing.
Hardness	The measure of a material’s resistance to localized plastic deformation, such as that caused by mechanical indentation or abrasion.
Flexural Strength ${\sigma }_f$	The maximum stress a material can withstand under a bending load before it yields or ruptures, representing its ability to resist deformation when subjected to a transverse force.
Sintering	The process of compacting a powder into a solid at high temperature and pressure.
(de)Vitrification	Vitrification is the process of cooling a liquid rapidly enough to bypass crystallisation and form an amorphous glass, whereas devitrification is the often unwanted reverse process where that amorphous structure reorganises into a crystalline state.

Some General Properties

Material Type	Density Min ($gm/c{m}^3$)	Density Max ($gm/c{m}^3$)	$k/W{m}^{-1}{K}^{-1}$	$\alpha /10^{-6}{K}^{-1}$
Metal	2.7	8	20-500+	5-25
Ceramics	3	5	2-40	0.5-15
Glasses	2	3	0.8-1.15	-
Polymers	Low	1	0.1-0.5	50-400

$$E_{\text{Covalent Solids}}>E_{\text{Crystalline Oxides}}>E_{\text{Glasses}}>E_{\text{Metals}}\gg E_{\text{Polymers}}$$ $$k_{air}\ll k_{\text{Polymers}}\ll k_{\text{Glass}}<k_{\text{Ceramics}}<k_{\text{Metals}}$$

Unit Lattice Cells

HCP (Hexagonal Compact Cell)

Structure	Ductility	Examples
FCC	Very High	$Al,Cu,Au$
BCC	Medium	$Fe,W$
HCP	Low	$Mg,Zn$

Hardness Testing